In conjunction with a group of other EA biosecurity folk, I helped brainstorm a set of projects which seem useful, and which require various backgrounds but which, as far as we know, aren't being done, or could use additional work${}^1$. Many EAs have expressed interest in doing something substantive related to research in bio, but are unsure where to start - this is intended as one pathway to do so.

Note: I'm also happy to hear from people who weren't involved in our brainstorming about additional ideas - but privately! Please don't post them as comments, both because we aren't necessarily endorsing their usefulness / relevance, and because many project ideas are close to infohazards, and we don't advise people going and doing such work without (private) discussions about risks and precautions, to avoid unilateralist's curse. (For further information, see this comment.)

Ideally, this post will be updated as people publish work on these topics - let me know and I can link to Contributions, or perhaps even things to mark Done.

What is this list for?

We think that each of these is both a substantive and valuable question, which we'd like to see someone answer well. We think they are minimally info-hazardous, but still urge some degree of mindfulness about the issue. 

All of these projects should start with literature reviews - there is relevant work on all of these, and you need to know about it. Sometimes, the paper that does what we asked for exists - and if so, finding it is helpful. If not, a literature review is, by itself, often a useful post / paper, and for some of the questions, it's all that is needed. If you're not sure where to start, here's a good basic introduction.

If you do a literature review, and think there is more to be done, or want to publish them and aren't sure how, or want feedback, there are many researchers that can advise or help on next steps. (But only ask once you have drafts of the literature review, or better, project plans - until that point, the goal is to see if more people can do research, and have more EAs able to do this type of work on their own!)

If you're fairly confident you have a track record that shows you know how to do this type of work, many seem like good subjects for grant proposals. They would also be clear evidence that you can do research. If you're interested in academia, like getting into a graduate program is biosecurity, publishing a paper is a great idea. (If you're interested in working in EA research, since doing such projects is a good way to show people you can do that as well.) And if you're in school, and think you can make one of these into a thesis or paper, that would be great as well.

Note that many of these, or parts of them, could be something as short as a good EA forum post, but some could easily be as long as a PhD dissertation - or more. A critical part of doing research is narrowing your scope based on what you can do!
 

Ideas by Discipline / Subject Areas

We've split these up roughly by area of knowledge or type of work they involve. Many could be approached more than one way, but it's useful even though disciplinary boundaries are always a bit overly restrictive and imprecise. 

Economics

• Analysis of size/other characteristics of bioeconomy versus other transformative tech economies past and present.
• Additional Rob Carlson-like estimates for overall technology proliferation, similar to e.g. https://synbiobeta.com/guesstimating-size-global-array-synthesis-market/, http://www.synthesis.cc/synthesis/2016/03/on_dna_and_transistors
• Economic assessment of the cost to do a given type of project, for example, analysis of bio-related job salaries in different sectors across nations, estimating market sizes in different countries, economic proxies (e.g. reagents, raw materials, capital etc.)
• How much do principal agent problems really harm research in scientific governance, or create risks?
  • It seems like it’s pretty easy to get funding for X and do X*** instead. (i.e. What you really wanted to do). Is this true?
  • To what extent is this a problem for biosecurity, versus useful flexibility?
• Attempt to actually quantify the benefit of past GoF research
  • See: Reconstruction of the 1918 Influenza Virus: Unexpected Rewards from the Past https://mbio.asm.org/content/3/5/e00201-12
  • Gryphon scientific just say benefits are difficult to quantify in their USG commissioned report: https://www.gryphonscientific.com/resources/gain-of-function/
  • No quantitative benefits assessments mentioned in this 2017 review from Editing Biosecurity: https://mars.gmu.edu/handle/1920/11341
• Similar to above, quantifying risks and benefits of dual-use research more generally.

Sociology / Anthropology

• Understanding taboos around bioweapons better
  • What are their roots? How did they emerge, and how might they change in the future?
  • What are their distributions among cultures, societies? How heterogeneous or homogeneous? Any salient differences?
• Do ethnographies of past bioweaponeers (motivation, competence, etc.)
• Look more into omnicidalists and other groups who claim to want to use bioweapons. (What are useful classifications, what is the frequency of sentiment versus acting upon the idea, what impacts their competence?)
• How does dual-use information spread through social networks? Are there useful things we can do to make this spread safer?
• Compile references from the history of bio research that shape attitudes in the field
  • There aren’t that many past cases of vaccination causing illness, but they loom large.
• Find or write a single blog-post-y reference for the “history of bioterrorism”
• Do a Semi-quantitative comparison of “risk of not proceeding with work” vs. “risk of careless or over-optimistic work leading to the field being shut down.”

Meta-Science and Information Dispersal

• Empirical study of the best ways to communicate with the public in light of uncertainty e.g., uncertainty around the efficacy of different interventions. Could also look more specifically at uncertainty involving tail risks, i.e., what would’ve been the most effective way of communicating in early Jan 2020 that “this-could-be-really-bad-but-we-don’t-yet-know-how-bad.” (Most useful if the study design really tries to maximise external validity.)
• Better exploration of Unilateralist’s Curse dynamics (beyond the maximally simple original paper)
• Better understanding of how impeding the conduct or dissemination of research affects collective rationality or learning.
• How, in detail, does the cost and speed of potential solutions to a problem affect optimal levels of openness around that problem?
  • The simple direction of effect is fairly clear but I think there might be a lot of non-obvious complexity here.
  • Trade-offs at different levels of openness. (For example, w/ the H5N1 case, some of the argument was “we already presented at a conference so we might as well publish” - but are the risks from those actually equivalent?
  • Look at dynamics of citation/collaboration from conferences vs. papers?
• Review of past, i.e. definitely no longer hazardous, examples of info hazards and how they’ve played out (e.g., here are 10 examples of streisand effects in history)

Law

• Can bioweaponeers be legally considered hostis humani generis?
  • Did the US succeed in making terrorists be deemed HHG under customary international law?
  • What would be required for this to occur?
• What would an effective structure be for a wide-open-policy-window BCW 2.0 monitoring and compliance regime?
  • What are the failure modes?
  • How would this be undermined?
• How has patenting/other IP protection of a discovery changed uptake of technology in biology? What would the impact of changes look like?
• Overview of the legal landscape for knowledge transfer relating to vaccine and therapeutic development. (This is a good place to start. Question is: how can we facilitate (or coerce) transfer of development and manufacturing knowledge between (private) entities? The question should potentially be broken down to look at “peacetime” and “during emergencies.”)
• Analysis of successful bans on technology progress (how tech is defined, attempts to overcome/get round) as applied to bio

Public Policy

• General case studies in cultural technology for behaviour-shaping (e.g. codes of conduct)
• Specific overview of DURC approaches/regulations around the globe.
  • (Global Health Security Index seems quite US-centric in its approach to assessing frameworks; potentially analysing WHO JEE data)
• Review and understand extant proposals for Bio-risk reduction, compare timeframes, benefits, costs, etc.
• Lay out best case implementation regimes for various proposals, and likely pitfalls (Pick a single proposal.)
  • Who would be best placed to implement the proposals?
  • Consider the incentives for the implementers
  • Consider interest in and acceptability of the proposal
  • Consider additional resources needed – money, staff, expertise.
  • Consider how actual adoption by the target audience will be driven.
  • Look at other stakeholders and their motives for/against and how these can be considered, magnified, or avoided.
• Consider X-prize like competitions for technical advances.
  • What areas and types of research would this be most promising for?
    • (See my recent paper that discusses different funding approaches for vaccines during COVID specifically)
  • How do we boost use of these, and how do we encourage implementation?
  • Historical Comparisons of prizes and relevant insights
• Develop an implementable X-prize for some specific goal, including likely prize sizes needed, time frames, criteria, etc.

Biology / Epidemiology

• Does modern societal structure (e.g., international travel, dense populations, etc.) limit how much we can infer based on historical base rates, e.g., relating to risks from naturally emerging pathogens.
• Quantitative investigation of tech capabilities required for broad environmental nucleic acid surveillance to be useful
• Primer/prolegomena to pandemic vaccinology (i.e. EUA, HCTs, funding, etc.)
• How many select agents / dangerous pathogens have been synthesized and rebooted (i.e. how many recipes are actually out there) - perhaps both the specific pathogens and close relatives that are likely to work too
• Examining dual-use potential of certain efforts, e.g. Australia's recurring attempts to engineer viruses to wipe out pests
• Quantifying/estimating number of labs capable of engineering/synthesising a certain pathogen, e.g. influenza virus, SARS-CoV-2
  • (There is currently-ongoing work doing this for smallpox)
• Potential work around sensor-building projects for universal surveillance (e.g., how to build them into earbuds)
• Write / find a single solid reference on “list-based sequence screening is flawed”
  • Next Steps for Access to Safe, Secure DNA Synthesis doesn’t quite cover this.
• Dataset of different viral pathogens which have emerged or are discussed as novel/emerging diseases for both humans and animals, by viral realm and kingdom, Baltimore classification, transmission method, and region.
• Comparative Analysis: How do different current / proposed forms of bio-surveillance help identify and respond to different types of diseases and risks.
• Numerical steers on speed on biotech democratisation (e.g. how representative is CRISPR from nature paper to iGEM team in < 1 year?) UPDATE August 2021: See this paper, per comment by Tessa.
  • Could look at cost for things besides synthesis/sequencing over time
  • Other measures for how methods in standard bioengineer equilibrium

Other

• Comprehensive archive of career routes of people currently at the top of the biosecurity industry (mainly for useful stats gathering eg how many degrees on average does each person have, what age did they get to the position they currently hold).
  • International comparisons would also be interesting.

${}^1$) As an aside, this brainstorming was an interesting group activity involving a collaborative Google doc, and it led to a lot of knowledge sharing about what existed that not everyone knew about, and was very productive for me, and several others said they enjoyed it / found it useful.