Meta-EA is most often characterised in terms of discrete units such as dollars and individuals. How many people can we recruit, how much will they donate, how many people can we train to be AI researchers? This approach carries a lot of value, particularly when we wish to craft metrics to evaluate our work. At the same time, sometimes it is better to view Effective Altruism as a system, to look at it holistically.
I believe that the primary goal of meta-EA should be achieving impact through improving EA as a system. Our starting place should be different theories of how we could do this and metrics should come second, as a way of differentiating between different plans of action and testing hypotheses. I’m not suggesting that quantitive facts should be ignored during the hypothesis generation stage, just that we need to understand the hypothesis space before we can choose appropriate metrics, otherwise we may artificially limit the set of theories that we consider.
In particular, we need to recognise that sometimes a system is more than the sum of its parts. Effective Altruism is one such system, since the various parts of the movement tend to make the other parts work more effective. This article will give a brief summary of how effective altruism works as a system. Please note that this discussion will not just include official EA orgs, but some EA aligned orgs as well.
The Effective Altruism Eco-system:
This section divides up the various parts of the EA eco-system by function. You may want to skim over this section if you already have a good understanding of the eco-system, as otherwise you’ll just be reading things that you already know.
Center for Effective Altruism (CEA)/Local Effective Altruism Network (LEAN): Focuses on movement building and guiding the EA movement generally, including writing articles and sending out the newsletter.
Open Philanthropy/Giving What We Can Pledge/Founder's Pledge/Effective Altruism Funds/Raising for Effective Giving: Provides funding for the causes we support, as well as for the various other orgs here as well. CEA: Funds local groups. Effective Altruism Funds: Provides funding for smaller projects. Givewell Incubation Grants: Supports potential new top charities.
Effective Altruism Global/EAGx: Spreads ideas within the EA movement and provides networking opportunities.
Less Wrong/Center for Applied Rationality/Broader rationalsphere: Provides tools for thinking more clearly (epistemic rationality) and for being more effective (applied rationality).
Local EA groups/SHIC: Recruits people into the movement who donate or who join orgs, as well as developing them as EAs and often providing a social group. In particular, local groups are present at many of the world's most prestigious universities, including Oxford, Cambridge, Stanford, Yale, Harvard, Princeton, MIT.
EA Bay Area Hub: Big enough to deserve it's own point. Connects us with/helps us recruit from the tech scene. Brings enough EAs together in the one place that it is likely that people can find other EAs also interested in the same thing.
80,000 hours: Provides career advice, as well as helping effective orgs fill vacancies.
EA Forum/various Facebook groups: Allow the sharing of ideas globally
Global Priorities Institute: New research institute at Oxford broadly examining EA. Does not just perform research, also provides academic credibility. There are a whole of research institutes for specific causes such as Future of Humanity Institute, Center for the Study of Existential Risk, Foundational Research Institute, Wild Animal Suffering Research, ect.
Givewell/Open Philanthropy Project/Animal Charity Evaluators: Charity evaluators for different causes.
Charity Science: Research into potential new top charities and assists people who want to create them.
Interaction Effects:
We can see several ways in which the existence of a broader eco-system makes certain tasks much more worthwhile. For example, suppose you see an idea for an effective charity on Charity Science. You contact them and they provide you with advice and link you up with potential cofounders. Givewell provides you with an incubation grant, which you use to hire some staff who were referred through 80,000 hours so that you can run a pilot. Givewell evaluates you and you become a top charity. Various Giving What We Can members donate to you and OpenPhil provides you with significant support. Given the inherent difficulties of charity entrepreneurship, it would plausibly only take a single part of this pipeline to be missing in order to derail the whole project and make all the other efforts worthless.
There are many other interaction effects as well. For example, it is much more valuable for the Global Priorities Institute to do research if there is a global movement that will try to put the ideas in action. The Founder's pledge is much more valuable with Give Well and Open Philanthropy existing, since they provide it with research which it can pass on to founders to help them give more effectively. Further 80,000 hours is much more effective when there are meet ups at top universities to refer people for coaching.
Application:
The main purpose of this post is to encourage more people to adopt a more holistic way of looking at Effective Altruism that may lead to further ideas of worthwhile projects. Nonetheless, I do want to make a few suggestions about application:
- Once you have a map of the EA ecosystem (as above), you can start thinking of different pipelines: becoming an AI researcher, starting a new charity, obtaining a financial job for earning to give. You can look for gaps in the pipeline and consider whether the gap might be worth filling or whether the cure is worse than the disease.
- One of the greatest difficulties is figuring out how we should handle co-ordination within the movement. If we just examine our marginal impact based on the status quo remaining the same, we will be ignoring any improvements in the efficiencies of other components or the effects of new components being added to the system. In particular, some components may be incredibly valuable if all of them exist, but have minimal value on their own. For example, Givewell can increase donor's effectiveness by a factor of ten, but in a world where either nobody had heard of them or nobody listened to them, this component would not be valuable by itself. This is not an easy problem and I don’t really know how to address this, but it is plausible that all of the highest impacts come from combinations of components which each increase their effectiveness.
I very much agree with this view methodologically. This is why we used qualitative research methods in addition to quantitative for the LEAN impact assessment. There is real risk of narrowing perspective and obscuring important factors from view if you commit to specific metrics prematurely. Qualitative research design is based on the aim of keeping the research process grounded and inductive, always responsive to unanticipated factors, regularly revisiting fundamental problem framing and steering sharply clear of methodological individualism, which is the approach you described (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methodological_individualism).
In the case of the impact assessment (where LEAN was trying to judge how effective our group support programme is, and how much impact groups have), we could look at metrics like group size, the number of individuals converted to EA, lifestyle changes, donations, pledges, events held and so forth. However qualitative interviews were used to piece together more complicated pathways that connect different nodes. The EA network is relatively small, which means that detailed examples can be very informative. I would like to see mixed methods of this kind used more.
If people want to avoid methodological individualism while still using quantitative techniques, social network analysis and multiple correspondence analysis are two quantitative techniques that many sociologists have used in order to tackle similar issues when working with much larger datasets. Social network analysis allows you to map out 'pipelines' of the kind you described in order to identify which nodes in the community are the most prominent and influential in terms of providing critical connections.
We don't, however, even need to do any more empirical analysis of EA to know that what you say is true... that many of the most important, high impact and high yield developments and achievements come down to an interaction between different community and information sources all coming together in a fortuitous way for a given trajectory. We can be sure of this not only by reflecting on examples in EA but also because this is simply a sociological human fact (often analysed and illustrated in the sprawling 'social capital' research field). The question then becomes, as you suggest, how do we cultivate the right environment for these vital spontaneous connections and interactions to take place?
My opinion on this is that we already do very well in this regard. Not through any virtue per se, other than the fact that the smaller a community is, the faster and more readily connections will arise (too small, of course, and you run out of useful nodes). However we definitely can do better, and the most urgent area for practical intervention is restructuring this forum in order to better serve the EA online community. This is something that has come out very clearly both in the 2017 Local Group Survey but also our interviews with group organisers. I think it is also quite self evident. On offer for budding EAs are either dead backwater Facebook groups with no life, or monstrous central groups with hundreds of members where only the most confident EAs feel comfortable posting. The forum is similar. Although the option of anonymity probably empowers some people to speak up, there is a much larger collective of lurkers who will feel too intimidated to contribute. A system of subforums that allow sheltered zones targetted at different kinds of EA would encourage a good deal more to come out of the woodwork and allow them to connect to one another. Individuals could then progress from a newbie friendly subforum to more 'advanced' or in depth content and conversations. I'm very happy that CEA will be taking on a restructure of the forum in the coming months.
Another area that can be optimised is the streamlining and organisation of content into a more user friendly and accessible format. This is something LEAN will be working on in the near future both in terms of making existing content more navigable but also in terms of continuing to make bespoke introductions between aligned individuals and organisations, but also helping EAs and EA groups to find one another more easily (like through our map of EAs) and through maintaining up to date contact information, and ensuring that it is easily found.
Have they done this for anyone?
Yes, fortify health.
Thanks for writing this - it fits well with my experience of how a lot of people get increasingly involved with EA, bouncing between disparate programs by different orgs. This does unfortunately make evaluating impact much harder, but I think it is important to bear in mind when when designing resources for EA outreach or similar projects.