The bar should not be at 'difficult financial situation', and this is also something there are often incentives against explicitly mentioning when applying for funding. Getting paid employment while studying (even fulltime degrees) is normal.

My 5 minute Google search to put some numbers on this:

Proportion of students who are employed while studying: UK: survey of 10,000 students showed that 56% of full-time UK undergraduates had paid employment (14.5 hours/week average) - June 2024 Guardian article https://www.theguardian.com/education/article/2024/jun/13/more-than-half-of-uk-students-working-long-hours-in-paid-jobs USA: 43% of full-time students work while enrolled in college - January 2023 Fortune article https://fortune.com/2023/01/11/college-students-with-jobs-20-percent-less-likely-to-graduate-than-privileged-peers-study-side-hustle/

Why are students taking on paid work? UK: "Three-quarters of those in work said they did so to meet their living costs, while 23% also said they worked to give financial support for friends or family." From the Guardian article linked above. Cannot find a recent US statistic quickly, but given the system (e.g. https://www.collegeave.com/articles/how-to-pay-for-college/) I expect working rather than taking out (as much in) loans is a big one.

On the other hand, spending time on committees is also very normal as an undergraduate and those are not paid. However in comparison the time people spend on this is much more limited (say ~2-5 hrs/week), there is rarely a single organiser, and I've seen a lot of people drop off committees - some as they are less keen, but some for time commitment reasons (which I expect will sometimes/often be doing paid work).

Thanks Julia, and great list that you've put together (I wasn't previously aware of it). This post also links some other biosecurity reading lists/syllabuses in the 'Why create a new biosecurity syllabus', in case you think any of those should be added as well.

Thanks Max!

Thanks for compiling this! I skimmed this, and it was a good way of getting an overview of what is happening in parts of EA that I know less about. I found having it separated by cause then by month useful so the reader can choose which overview they prefer, although some non-AI causes could have had their own section rather than being clumped together (I slowly scrolled through month by month and clicked on some of the more interesting looking articles).

Exciting! A few thoughts/questions:

1. I'm not sure quantitatively how much of a difference it makes having a giving pledge focusing just on healthcare professionals, rather than overall, but it's possible that the focus/community aspect may make some difference. But the concept was interesting enough to get me (past medical device engineer, now health economics) to click on the post, then the website, so there's that.

2. When did this actually start/how many people have taken the pledge? On the Pledge page there are 15 people listed ranging from October 2022 to December 2023. It's possibly not all the people that have signed up, and/or the pledge might not have been open yet, but my first thought was that it looks like not many people have signed up/this isn't that big. But if the launch is now (i.e. given the post) that makes more sense.

3. I see a comment below that 1% seems a bit low. Healthcare salaries do vary a lot between countries (e.g. a doctor in the US typically earns a lot more than a doctor in the UK, and also the rate that people are taxed will be different between countries as well). If healthcare workers in the countries you are targeting typically donate more than 1% I think that could take away a lot of the impact from the pledge (people don't donate more, they might even feel justified to donate less). On the other hand I can see the argument that 10% is high/potentially offputting, so 5% might be a good middle ground. How did you choose which percentage to set as the pledge amount?

Hey, thanks also for the detailed response.

1. I don't think that part is our disagreement. Maybe the way I would phrase the question is whether there should be an additional multiplier put on extinction in addition to the expected future loss of wellbeing. If I was to model it, the answer would be 'no' to avoid double counting (i.e. the effect of extinction is the effect of future loss of wellbeing). The disagreement is how this is not by default assumed to apply to animals as well.

2. "If you knew for sure that the animals had net negative lives, would you still think their extinction was bad?" Not sure how likely such a situation is to come up, as I'm not sure how I would know this for sure. Because that seems like not just being sure that every of that species that exists now has a net negative life, it's assuming that every of that species that might exist in the future also will have. But to answer the question philosophically and not practically, I would not say that the extinction of a species that will definitely have guaranteed suffering is bad.

"But we were discussing whether we should treat animal extinctions with the weight of an X-risk (i.e. a human extinction). For that, we need a little more than an assumption that the animal's lives are net positive." Definitely agreed for prioritising between things that more than the just the assumption of net positive is required. But research would be required to know that, and as far as I can tell there has been very little done (and there are ~8.7 million animal species).

3. I see thanks - I can now find the section you were referring to. I don't think I agree the full argument as made follows, but I haven't made the full thing and I don't want this to be a thread discussing this one particular paper!

4. Agreed there are nuances re animals. However, outside philosophy I'm not sure how many people you'd have arguing against 'human extinction is bad even if humans are replaced by another species'!

5. My bad, I meant primarily the second paragraph (referring to how animal extinction was valued, and given the lack of discussions around this - I had it more general then decided to specify the paragraph... then picked the wrong one!). Agreed with your response here, will edit the original.

I think there should be more discussions of animal x-risk and/or animal longtermism within EA. I definitely care more about human extinction than animal extinction and think human extinction risk should be a higher priority, but that does not mean that animal extinction risk should not be considered. For example, I think considering both human and animal xrisk might change how much climate change is prioritised as an existential risk, and what interventions are worth focusing on for it (there are definitely more people focussing on climate change compared to other xrisks outside of EA, but that does not mean that the best interventions have been focussed on similar to the global poverty space).

I don't have strong opinions on 'this should definitely be prioritised', but I think at least a few people should be researching this (to see if it is important/tractable/neglected/etc), and it should be discussed more than it currently is.

Thank you for this answer. I am not sure I agree with this, for the reasons outlined below (in case useful information for you, I upvoted and disagree-voted this):

Paragraph 1: Somewhat minor point, I think you may be drawing a distinction without a difference, i.e. extinction being bad because of the effects of it (no future human happiness, flourishing etc) is putting a disvalue on extinction, because it inherently causes those effects.

In an animal context I would put this as: if an animal species has net positive lives, then extinction is inherently bad, and where there is uncertainty, an animal species should be assumed to have net positive lives. I do not have strong thoughts of how certain animal species trade off against each other (I would have to do further research), but my prior is that this is the direction of the sign even if by a small amount, in part because assuming the opposite by default could be used to justify negative things. I agree factory farmed animals likely have net negative lives, but I cannot see e.g. the species of chickens, i.e. any chicken ever, having a net negative life. Beyond that there is also the biodiversity loss and downstream effects of that (e.g. biodiversity loss being linked with increased risk of natural pandemics), and the fact that human's track record with interfering with nature is not great, but I will leave the argument as equivalent to how you phrased it initially.

Paragraph 2: I summarised how I think of extinction of animals in the last paragraph. The quote "if we think extinction in itself is bad, then we should prefer a planet filled with the only first amoebas to one like ours" given the arguments surrounding it in your answer was one that surprised me. Regardless of whether that is true ('amoeba' did not come up when I did ctrl-f of the document linked, so I would have to read it in more detail to try to find the context), it does not seem very actionable. Given the current world we live in (i.e. a world filled with many species that aren't amoebas), saying that people who care about minimizing extinction want to return to that state (given a lot of extinction required to do so) would need further justification. So it seems like less of a relevant comment.

Paragraph 3: As I think the happiness/future value argument can still apply to animals, I still think animal extinction should be seen as bad (although it is less bad than human extinction). I've already mentioned that I think the baseline assumption is that species of animals have positive lives unless their is evidence that they don't. Without data, I would not update on or make decisions based on 'one animal going extinct may increase the number of animals'. I can see that being possible, particularly in the short term, but I could also see that having negative biodiversity and downstream effects as well.

Overall: My main stance on this animal x-risk should be researched or included in the conversation more than it currently is, even if the outcome of that research ends up being 'this should still not be prioritized'. I can see this potentially changing some calculations e.g. how much climate change should be prioritised as a cause area, and which particular interventions for climate change (there are more people working on this than other xrisks, but I would expect that like global poverty there will be neglected areas). After all, climate change is a big extinction risk for animals.

A note: I think 'we' in the first (EDIT: second) paragraph implies more consensus than the actually is, given that I have not really heard this discussed much at all.

Thank you for writing this. I have not read the original paper, but I think the points here are very plausible and aren't discussed enough.

Clicking through the original link, it looks like the paper was initially written in 2021. Is there a particular reason for prioritizing summarizing this paper now?

That's good to hear re in favour of efforts to make EA better (edited for clarity). Thanks for your engagement on this.

Agreed with the necessity for awareness around power dynamics with the nuance of fixing this not having to fall on the people impacted by it. I found it good to see that post when it came out as it points out things people may not have been aware of.